Flaking and crusting of the scalp can be caused by many conditions. Some of these respond well to home treatment, including:

• Cradle cap, an oily, yellow crusting on a baby's scalp. It is common in babies and is not a part of any illness. It does not imply that a baby is not being well cared for.
• Dandruff, a shedding of the skin on the scalp that leads to white flakes on the head, neck, and shoulders. It may be caused by a form of a skin condition called eczema, which causes increased shedding of normal scalp skin cells. Dandruff can also be caused by a fungal infection. Hormonal or seasonal changes may make dandruff worse.
• Head lice, tiny wingless insects that cause itching and raw patches on the scalp. Head lice are most common in school-age children.

Scalp conditions that may need medical treatment include:

• Ringworm, an infection of the outer layer of the scalp and in the hair. It usually causes a rash made up of circular patches with raised, red edges that resemble worms. The rash spreads from these edges, often leaving the center clear, giving it a ring shape.
• Ongoing (chronic) skin conditions, such as psoriasis, eczema, and seborrhea.
• An uncommon, recurrent skin condition called lichen planus. This condition appears more often during stress, fatigue, or exposure to medications or chemicals.

Treatment for scalp symptoms depends on the underlying cause. A health professional can evaluate the cause of your symptoms and recommend treatment.