Torticollis, also known as "wryneck," is a condition in which the head twists and turns to one side and may be pulled forward or backward. There are two types, congenital (at birth) and spasmodic.

Congenital torticollis occurs at or shortly after birth. The neck muscle (sternocleidomastoid muscle) is shortened, bringing the infant's head down and to one side. Experts don't know what causes the shortened neck muscle, although some believe that the muscle may be stretched or torn during the infant's birth. The tear causes bleeding and swelling, and scar tissue replaces some of the muscle, making it shorter.

Some cases of congenital torticollis are caused by a bone abnormality in the neck portion of the spine (cervical spine).

Spasmodic torticollis occurs when the neck muscle is tight. It is a form of dystonia—involuntary movements and prolonged muscle contraction. It is usually a symptom of another medical problem. Infection, inflammation, medication side effects, and tics are known causes of torticollis muscle spasm.

In children, treatment is necessary to prevent the face from growing unevenly. Gentle stretching throughout the day can help relieve torticollis. For severe cases, surgery may be needed.

In adults, treatment includes using heat and massage to help relieve head and neck pain. Stretching exercises and neck braces may help with muscle spasms. Medications and injections of botulinum toxin are also used.