What is rubella?
Rubella, also called German measles or 3-day measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. Rubella is generally a mild illness that does not result in long-term problems.
What causes rubella?
The rubella virus is most often spread through droplets of fluid from the mucous membranes that contain the virus. An infected person can spread these droplets by coughing, sneezing, talking, or sharing food and drinks. You can become infected by touching a surface contaminated with the droplets and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth before washing your hands. Less commonly, you can get the virus through contact with infected blood if it gets on broken skin or on your hands and you don't wash them right away.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of rubella include a mild fever, swollen glands (especially behind the ear and at the back of the head), and a skin rash that starts on the face and spreads to the neck, the chest, and the rest of the body. Older children and teenagers may have fever, eye pain, sore throat, and body aches. They may or may not develop a rash. See a picture of a rash caused by rubella.
If you have rubella, you are most contagious a few days before the rash starts until 5 to 7 days after it first appears. The incubation period—the time from exposure to the virus until you develop symptoms—is 14 to 21 days. Some infected people don't have symptoms. But everyone who is infected can spread the disease.
Generally, rubella causes only mild illness and no long-term problems. But if you are pregnant and get infected with the rubella virus, you can give the disease to your baby (fetus). Serious birth defects called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) may occur in the first trimester. CRS birth defects include cataracts and other eye problems, hearing impairment, and heart disease. The rubella vaccine was developed mainly to prevent these birth defects.
How is rubella diagnosed?
A rubella blood test identifies antibodies to the rubella virus in a sample of blood. This information can help a doctor determine whether a recent infection was caused by the rubella virus. It is also used to determine whether you have been vaccinated against rubella or are otherwise immune to the virus.
Sometimes, a viral culture may also be used to determine whether a current infection is caused by the rubella virus. But the results from this test may not be available for several weeks.
How is it treated?
Treatment for rubella involves caring for the specific symptoms. Acetaminophen, such as Tylenol, can be given to children and adults for fever. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 20because of the possible link between aspirin and Reye syndrome.
If you are pregnant and susceptible (not immune) to rubella, talk to your doctor. He or she may recommend an injection of immune globulin (IG) if you are exposed to the virus. Immune globulin does not prevent rubella infection, but it may reduce the severity of the symptoms and lower the risk for birth defects. But immune globulin does not eliminate the risk of a child being born with a birth defect due to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Children with CRS have been born to mothers who have received immune globulin.
Can rubella be prevented?
In the United States, the rubella vaccine is part of the normal childhood measles, mumps, and rubella immunization (MMR). The rubella vaccine protects at least 90 out of 100 immunized people from getting this disease.1 Outbreaks may occur in people who haven't been immunized, especially in college, military, health care, and child care settings and among recent immigrants.1
In the U.S., most infants who are born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have foreign-born mothers.2 Babies born with rubella (passed from an infected mother during pregnancy) may be contagious through their first birthday.1 These infants can spread the illness to others who have not developed protection through immunization or prior history of the disease.
It is very unlikely that a person who has had rubella could get the disease again.
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