Test Overview
Mononucleosis tests are blood tests that look for antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that causes mononucleosis (mono). The antibodies are made by the immune system to fight the infection.
Mono tests include:
- Monospot test (heterophil test). This quick screening test detects a recent mono infection. A sample of blood is placed on a microscope slide and mixed with other substances. If mono is present, the blood clumps (agglutinates). Monospot testing can usually detect antibodies 2 to 9 weeks after a person is infected. It generally is not used to diagnose mono that started more than 6 months earlier.
- EBV antibody test. For this test, a sample of blood is mixed with a substance that attaches to antibodies against EBV. A series of tests can detect different types of antibodies to help determine whether you were infected recently or sometime in the past. Newer tests quickly identify EBV on genetic material other than blood.
Why It Is Done
The monospot test is done to help diagnose a recent mono infection.
EBV antibody testing is also done to help diagnose mono. The EBV antibody test can help determine whether you have ever been infected with the virus and whether the infection has been recent.
How To Prepare
No special preparation is required before having this test.
Talk to your health professional about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will indicate. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form
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How It Is Done
The monospot test is done on a small sample of blood taken from your fingertip or from a vein. The Epstein-Barr antibody test is done on a blood sample taken from your vein.
Blood test from a finger stick
For a fingertip sample, the health professional taking the sample will:
- Clean your hand with soap and warm water or an alcohol swab.
- Massage your hand without touching the puncture site.
- Puncture the skin on the side of your middle or ring finger with a small instrument called a lancet.
- Wipe away the first drop of blood.
- Place a small tube called a capillary tube on the puncture site and collect a small amount of blood.
- Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the puncture site as the tube is removed.
- Put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage.
Blood test from a vein
The health professional taking a sample of your blood will:
- Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein.
- Clean the needle site with alcohol.
- Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be needed.
- Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
- Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
- Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed.
- Put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage.
How It Feels
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm or from your fingertip. You may feel nothing at all from the needle or lancet, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch. The elastic band that is wrapped around your upper arm when blood is taken from a vein may feel tight.
Risks
There is very little chance of a problem from having blood sample taken from your fingertip or a vein.
- You may get a small bruise at the site. You can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes.
- In rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. This problem is called phlebitis. A warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this.
- Ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. Aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and other blood-thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. If you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood-thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken.
Results
Mononucleosis tests are blood tests that look for antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that causes mononucleosis (mono). The antibodies are made by the immune system to fight the infection.
Monospot test
The results of a monospot test are usually ready within one hour.
| Normal (negative): |
The blood sample does not form clumps (no heterophil antibodies are detected). |
|---|---|
| Abnormal (positive): |
The blood sample clumps (antibodies are detected). If your monospot test is positive, you have mono. Other diseases that can cause a positive result include leukemia, or lymphoma, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. |
Epstein-Barr antibody testing
The results of the antibody test to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are usually given in titers. A titer is a measure of how much the blood sample can be diluted before the antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can no longer be detected.
A titer of 1 to 40 (1:40) means that antibodies can be detected when 1 part of the blood sample is diluted by up to 40 parts of a salt solution (saline). A larger second number means there are more antibodies in the blood. Therefore, a titer of 1 to 80 indicates more EBV antibodies in the blood than a titer of 1 to 40.
The EBV antibody test can also detect the type of antibodies (immunoglobulins) present in the blood. The type of antibody indicates whether the infection is recent or old. The antibody IgM is only found during the active phase of mono. The antibody IgG is can be found later, when you are starting to get better.
The results of an EBV antibody test are usually ready within 3 days.
| Normal (negative): |
The titer is less than 1 to 40 (1:40). A titer of less than 1:40 means that you have never been exposed to EBV. No IgM is present. If IgG is present, it may mean that you have been exposed to EBV in the past. |
|---|---|
| Abnormal (positive): |
A titer greater than 1 to 40 (1:40) usually means that you have been exposed to EBV or you have had mono in the past. However, other diseases that can cause a positive result include some types of cancer, such as leukemia or Burkitt's lymphoma. IgM is present. IgG may also be present but may mean that you have been exposed to EBV in the past. |
What Affects the Test
Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:
- Having an EBV antibody test within the first few weeks of becoming infected with EBV. This is called a false-negative result. If an early test is negative and you still have symptoms, the test may be repeated.
- Having a false-negative monospot test result. If you have a negative monospot test but you still have symptoms of mono, an EBV test may be done.
- Other infection or disease, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), leukemia or lymphoma, rubella, hepatitis, or lupus. Although the symptoms of these infections and diseases are similar to mono, the monospot test usually will be negative.
What To Think About
- Since many people are exposed to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) during childhood, most adults have EBV antibodies. The presence of IgG does not mean that you have had a recent infection with EBV.
- Rapid diagnostic tests are not useful for children younger than 4 years.
- Although some people think that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be related to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), the monospot test and the EBV antibody test are not used to diagnose or monitor CFS.
- Children, especially those younger than 2 years, are more likely than adults to have a negative monospot test, even when they have mono. This is called a false-negative result.
- EBV antibody testing is usually done when you have symptoms of infectious mononucleosis and a monospot test result is negative. EBV antibody testing may also be done to check for antibodies to EBV when a person has a disease or uses medicine that causes problems with the immune system. New methods of genetic testing quickly identify people with EBV infection.
References
Other Works Consulted
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. (2004). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2004). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Handbook of Diagnostic Tests (2003). 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2002). Mosby’s Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby.
Credits
| Author | Sydney Youngerman-Cole, RN, BSN, RNC |
| Editor | Susan Van Houten, RN, BSN, MBA |
| Associate Editor | Tracy Landauer |
| Primary Medical Reviewer | Michael J. Sexton, MD - Pediatrics |
| Specialist Medical Reviewer | W. David Colby IV, MSc, MD, FRCPC - Infectious Disease |
| Last Updated | January 24, 2006 |
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